Introduction

Reflection is the ability of a program to examine itself at runtime. This is hugely useful and is a foundational technology of the Unreal engine, powering many systems such as Detail Panels in the Editor, Serialization, Garbage Collection, Network Replication, and Blueprint & C++ Communication. However, C++ doesn’t natively support any form of reflection, so Unreal has its own system to harvest, query, and manipulate information about C++ classes, structs, functions, member variables, and enumerations. We typically refer to reflection as the property system since reflection is also a graphics term.

Unreal Reflection System is opt-in, that means you can use it if you want to. You need to annotate any types or properties that you want to be visible to the reflection system, and Unreal Header Tool will harvest that information when you compile your project.

Markup

For marking a header contain reflected types, add a special #include at the top of the file. This lets Unreal Header Tool know that they should consider this file, and it’s also required for the implementation of the system.

include "FileName.generated.h"

You can now use UENUM(), UCLASS(), USTRUCT(), UFUNCTION(), and UPROPERTY() to annotate different types and member variables in the header. Each of these macros goes before the type or member declaration, and can contain additional specifier keywords. Let’s take a look at a real world example (from StrategyGame):

#include "StrategyTypes.h"
#include "StrategyChar.generated.h"
    
UCLASS(Abstract)
    
class AStrategyChar : public ACharacter, public IStrategyTeamInterface
{
    
    GENERATED_UCLASS_BODY()
    
    /** How many resources this pawn is worth when it dies. */
    UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, Category=Pawn)
    int32 ResourcesToGather;
    
    /** set attachment for weapon slot */
    UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable, Category=Attachment)
    void SetWeaponAttachment(class UStrategyAttachment* Weapon);
    
    UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable, Category=Attachment)
    bool IsWeaponAttached();
    
    protected:
    
    /** melee anim */
    UPROPERTY(EditDefaultsOnly, Category=Pawn)
    UAnimMontage* MeleeAnim;
    
    /** Armor attachment slot */
	UPROPERTY()
    UStrategyAttachment* ArmorSlot;
    
	/** team number */
	uint8 MyTeamNum;
};

Displayed header declares a new class called AStrategyChar deriving from ACharacter. It uses UCLASS() to indicate it is reflected, which is also paired with a macro GENERATED_UCLASS_BODY() inside of the C++ definition. The GENERATED_UCLASS_BODY() / GENERATED_USTRUCT_BODY() macros are required in reflected classes or structs, as they inject additional functions and typedefs into the class body.

First property shown is ResourcesToGather, which is annotated with EditAnywhere and Category=Pawn. This means the property can be edited in any details panel in the editor, and will show up in the Pawn category. There are a couple of annotated functions marked with BlueprintCallable and a category, meaning they’ll be available to call from Blueprints.

As the MyTeamNum declaration shows, it’s fine to mix reflected and non-reflected properties in the same class, just be aware that the non-reflected properties are invisible to all of the systems that rely on reflection (e.g., storing a raw unreflected UObject pointer is usually dangerous since the garbage collector can’t see your reference).

Each of the specifier keywords (such as EditAnywhere or BlueprintCallable) is mirrored in ObjectBase.h with a short comment on the meaning or usage. If you’re not sure what a keyword does, Alt+G will usually work to take you to the definition in ObjectBase.h (they aren’t real C++ keywords, but Intellisense or VAX don’t seem to mind/understand the difference).

Check out the Gameplay Programming Reference for more information.

Limitations

Unreal Header Tool is not a real C++ parser. It understands a decent subset of the language and actively tries to skip any text that it can; only paying attention to reflected types, functions, and properties. However, some things can still confuse it, so you may have to reword something or wrap it in an #if CPP & #endif pair when adding a reflected type to an existing header. You should also avoid using #if & #ifdef (except for WITH_EDITOR and WITH_EDITORONLY_DATA) around any annotated properties or functions, since the generated code references them and will cause compile errors in any configuration where the define isn’t true.

Most common types work as expected, but the property system can’t represent all possible C++ types (notably only a few template types such as TArray and TSubclassOf are supported, and their template parameters cannot be nested types). Unreal Header Tool will give you a descriptive error message if you annotate a type that can’t be represented at runtime.

Using Reflection Data

Most game code can ignore the property system at runtime, enjoying the benefits of the systems that it powers, but you might find it useful when writing tool code or building gameplay systems.

Type hierarchy for the property system looks like this:

UField
    UStruct
    	UClass (C++ class)
    	UScriptStruct (C++ struct)
    	UFunction (C++ function)
    
    UEnum (C++ enumeration)
    
    UProperty (C++ member variable or function parameter)
    
    	(Many subclasses for different types)

UStruct is the basic type of aggregate structures (anything that contains other members, such as a C++ class, struct, or function), and shouldn’t be confused with a C++ struct (that's UScriptStruct). UClass can contain functions or properties as their children, while UFunction and UScriptStruct are limited to just properties.

You can get the UClass or UScriptStruct for a reflected C++ type by writing UTypeName::StaticClass() or FTypeName::StaticStruct(), and you can get the type for a UObject instance using Instance->GetClass() (it's not possible to get the type of a struct instance since there is no common base class or required storage for structs).

Iterate over all members of a UStruct, use a TFieldIterator:

for (TFieldIterator<UProperty> PropIt(GetClass()); PropIt; ++PropIt)
{
    UProperty* Property = *PropIt;
    // Do something with the property
}

Template argument TFieldIterator is used as a filter (so you can look at both properties and functions using UField, or just one or the other). The second argument to the iterator constructor indicates whether you only want fields introduced in the specified class/struct, or fields in the parent class/struct as well (the default); it doesn't have any effect for functions.

Each type has a unique set of flags (EClassFlags + HasAnyClassFlags, etc…), as well as a generic metadata storage system inherited from UField. The keyword specifiers are usually either stored as flags or metadata, depending on whether they are needed in a runtime game, or only for editor functionality. This allows the editor-only metadata to be stripped out to save memory, while the runtime flags are always available.

You can do a lot of different things using the reflection data (enumerating properties, getting or setting values in a data-driven manner, invoking reflected functions, or even constructing new objects); rather than go in depth on any one case here, it’s probably easier to have a look thru UnrealType.h and Class.h, and track down an example of code that does something similar to what you want to accomplish.

Behind the Curtain

You can safely skip this section if you just want to use the property system, but knowing how it works helps motivate some of the decisions and limitations in headers that contain reflected types.

Unreal Build Tool and Unreal Header Tool act in concert to generate the data that is needed to power runtime reflection. Unreal Build Tool has to scan headers to do its job, and it remembers any modules that contain a header with at least one reflected type. If any of those headers have changed since the last compile, Unreal Header Tool is invoked to harvest and update the reflection data. Unreal Header Tool parses the headers, builds up a set of reflection data, and then generates C++ code containing the reflection data (contributing to a per-module .generated.inl), as well as various helpers and thunk functions (per-header .generated.h).

One of the major benefits of storing the reflection data as generated C++ code is that it is guaranteed to be in sync with the binary. You can never load stale or out of date reflection data since it’s compiled in with the rest of the engine code, and it computes member offsets/etc… at startup using C++ expressions, rather than trying to reverse engineer the packing behavior of a particular platform/compiler/optimization combo. Unreal Header Tool is also built as a standalone program that doesn’t consume any generated headers, so it avoids the chicken-and-egg issues that were a common complaint with the script compiler in Unreal Engine 3.

Generated functions include things like StaticClass() & StaticStruct(), which make it easy to get reflection data for the type, as well as thunks used to call C++ functions from Blueprints or network replication. These must be declared as part of the class or struct, which explains why a GENERATED_UCLASS_BODY() or GENERATED_USTRUCT_BODY() macro is included in your reflected types, as well as the #include "TypeName.generated.h" which defines those macros.